Did You Know Greece Has Pyramids?
Few people are aware that Greece is home to pyramids—rare examples of pyramidal architecture in Europe. Unlike their Egyptian counterparts, these structures remain shrouded in mystery, with little research dedicated to their existence. Even among scholars who have studied them, opinions diverge significantly.
One of the most intriguing of these structures is the Pyramid of Helleniko, located near the village of Helleniko, along the ancient road that once connected Argos to Tegea in Arcadia.
A Pyramid Mentioned by Pausanias
This monument is not only among the oldest structures in Greece but possibly in the world. Even the ancient traveler and geographer Pausanias referenced it in his writings:
"On the right, as one travels from Argos to Epidauria, there is a building that closely resembles a pyramid. It bears relief carvings of shields, shaped like those of the Argives. Here, Proitos fought against Akrisios for the throne, and it is said that the battle ended in a draw, leading to reconciliation since neither could claim a decisive victory. It is also believed that this was the first time warriors fought using shields. A common tomb was built here for the fallen, as they were fellow citizens and relatives."
According to Pausanias, this structure, decorated with Argive shields, served as a tomb (tumulus) for the warriors who perished in the battle for power between Proitos and Akrisios. His account also suggests that this battle marked the first recorded use of shields in combat, further emphasizing the site’s historical significance.
A Controversial Dating Debate
The age of the pyramid has been the subject of much scholarly debate. In 1991, a research team led by Professor Ioannis Liritzis conducted a study using a new dating method, which placed the construction between the mid-to-late 3rd millennium BCE. This finding directly contradicted the conclusions of an earlier 1938 American archaeological expedition, which had dated it to the 3rd or 4th century BCE.
However, Professor Mary Lefkowitz challenged Liritzis' findings, arguing that the stones analyzed may have been recycled from older buildings. She also pointed out that research from the 1930s—later confirmed in the 1980s by archaeologist Helena Fracchia—had been largely ignored in Liritzis' conclusions. Liritzis, in turn, responded in a scientific journal, stating that Lefkowitz misinterpreted the methodology used in his study.
Archaeologist Professor Adamantios Sampson also refuted Liritzis' dating, stating that the pyramid was built on the foundations of an Early Helladic structure, indicating that it must have been constructed later. He further noted that the pyramid’s masonry resembles that of Lygourio, placing it in the Classical or Late Classical period.
What Was Its Purpose?
The function of the pyramid remains unclear, as most similar structures have been destroyed over time. Several theories suggest it may have served as a:
Beacon tower (fryktoria)
Temple
Tomb
Astronomical observatory
However, what makes this site truly remarkable is that its possible age suggests it predates the Egyptian pyramids!
A Forgotten Monument
Today, the Pyramid of Helleniko remains largely unknown to the public and neglected, left to decay over time. Despite its historical significance, it has yet to receive the attention it deserves.
Could this be the oldest pyramid in the world? The debate continues.
